Prikaz Fts 1150
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1095no27:France, at Clermont Pope Urban II delivered a sermon [TXT] which appealed for a western European Crusade to save the Holy Land from infidel Turks (and anyone else who got in the way or offered possibility of booty)1095:1204; Over a century, Catholic lands launched four great crusades into eastern Mediterranean territories and even into northeastern Europe in an increasingly disfocused aggressive mission. The Crusades were epochal examples of \"mission creep\" [ID]Europe and the Mediterranean world in the time of the crusades [MAP]1097:1150; Crusade#1 Near Eastern Holy Lands occupied for a half century by west European Crusaders, aristocratic adventurers seeking plunder wherever they could find itIncreasingly crusaders, largely recruited out of central and northern Europe, lent their sacrificial energies to causes controlled and manipulated by sordid and opportunistic \"business\" interests of various Italian merchant city-statesThe actions of Crusaders eventually lost contact with both the western Catholic Church and its fledgling western Empire1146:Crusade#2 [ID]1189:Crusade#31200:1204; Crusade#4 (the Fourth Crusade) [Wki] did nothing to liberate the Holy Land, but had especially dolorous consequences for eastern Europe =First-hand account of crusade#4 [E-TXT]\"The West\" turned its aggressive energies against Constantinople and nearly destroyed the great cityByzantium entered into decline, never fully recovering from assaults from \"The West\"1212:Crusade#5 (usually unnumbered but often called the \"Children's Crusade\") was tragic and foolish1291: Syria finally liberated itself from Crusader occupationA summary account of the full series of \"crusades\" extends into the 1400s [Wki]The crusades echoed on down the years beyond the 1400s =Toward the end of the crusading era outlined above, in the early 1200s, Teutonic Knights began to move northward into the pagan or heathen frontiers of eastern EuropeTeutonic Knights were a military/religious order that had, since the third crusade, settled in the Holy LandsNow they spread into the lands of Germanic (Prussian) and Slavic (Polish) farming people along the south-eastern Baltic coastBeginning as allies of German-speaking Austrian Holy Roman imperial monarchy, Teutonic Knights took advantage of the disordered lines of authority within that empire and soon secured a certain independence from ViennaThey shifted allegiance directly back to their Church superior, the PopeTeutonic impact on the regional economy was mixedLooking backwards toward old medieval practices, they bound local villagers in an unusually harsh version of serfdomLooking forward toward the early modern European world, they encouraged development of relatively independent market-city economies [GO Hanse]Teutonic Knights spawned and were closely allied with a similar order =The Livonian Order was made up of Catholic warrior monks who pushed further east of Teutonic territories [ID]Like the Teutonic Knights, they enserfed the rural, indigenous Estonian and Latvian peoplesThis was long before Russian serfdom was codifiedUnlike the Teutonic Knights, the Livonian Order did not foster market-city independence in their territoriesTogether, Livonian and Teutonic Knights brought constant military pressure to bear on pagan LithuaniansThis was the last big moment in the nearly half millennium-long Christian/pagan confrontation among the SlavsNB! this crusade against pagan Slavs was not a \"Christian/infidel\" confrontation as down south in the Holy LandsTogether, Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order could be called militarist \"Westernizers\"These invading warriors settled and introduced a hyper-feudal/aristocratic order to eastern EuropeThat order insisted on sharp, almost \"racial\" distinctions between those nobles who ruled and those commoners who worked for those who ruledThat order hyper-inflated the importance of spurious categorical distinctions based on secondary differences such as mother tongue and tribal backgroundThat order held that the simple fact of birth in superior families made one permanently and inalterably due certain titles, privileges and exemptions [exceptions from general rules]In eastern Europe, titles, privileges and exemptions had not been previously so prominently distributed according to birthFor central and eastern Europe, the crusades represented a historic sea-change1180s:Bulgaria in the time of tsar Kaloyan [ID] offers a good but little-known example of that sea-change. And the buffeting continued for BulgariaThe crusades mark the end of a half-millennium-long era of warrior-nomadic movement from east to west, out of the Eurasia Steppes into that \"peninsula of peninsulas\" called EuropeThe direction of aggression now began to reverse itselfNow began a thousand-year era (up to the late 20th century) of European colonial and imperialist expansion in the other direction, eventually over the whole globeDespite this slow east/west sea-change (tide came in, tide went out), \"The East\" had still two powerful challenges for \"The West\" before the tables were turned altogether = (1) The Golden Horde in the 13th and 14th centuries, and(2) The Seljuk and Ottoman Turks in the 15th and 16th centuries2013au (about 1000 years after the Crusades got underway): Newspaper account of a 13th-c crusader document reflected the tensions of early 21st-c struggle with the wide-spread Islamic terrorist Jihad aimed at \"The West\"The article described how a 13th-c French Dominican priest, Humbert of Romans, composed a guide for church officials on ways to convince Christian nobles and villagers to go on crusade to fight \"infidels\" who had conquered remote Christian Holy Lands [E-TXT]\\\\*--Paul M. Cobb_The_Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades*2016de07: Al Jazeera \"Shock: The First Crusade and the Conquest of Jerusalem\" [E-TXT]*2016de14: Al Jazeera \"Revival: The Muslim Response to the Crusades\" [E-TXT]*--Pavlidis,12*--LOOP on \"Church\"1097:Kievan princes assembled to define for each his \"portion\" [udel] of the unraveling Kievan princely hierarchyIn Kievan Rus' a system of feudal authority was evolving among princely rulers =Various princes now acknowledged the liege lord superiority of a \"grand prince\" [velikii kniaz']Each vassal prince nonetheless retained his own subordinate udelA udel was a portion of heritable land, wealth and authorityThis implied maintenance of the vassal prince's own administrative apparatus, military and (soon, in time of Mongol overlordship) his own monetary systemThis Russian variety of udel feudalism lasted 250 years in actual practice, and it survived legally for 500 yearsAs mestnichestvo crumbled, so did that political system that SAC calls \"contract princes\"A \"feudal\" order evolved in Kievan Rus' which was not unlike that found in most regions of medieval Christendom [Europe]In the late 11th-c, in far SW Rus', signs of unraveling Kievan order were clearly visible (IE=to those who could still see (this a jocular reference to the fact that Prince Vasilko was blinded in an internecine struggle for power there) [ZMR1:73-6]Vasilko's SW Russian domain was located in the right-bank Dnepr River region of modern-day UkraineVasilko's domain was comprised of Halych [Galich or Galicia], plus Volyn or Volhynia [W.ID]On its western and southern frontiers, this domain bordered on territories of Hungarian (Magyar) and Romanian peoplesParadzhanov's FLM portrayed customary everyday life in these eastern Slavic frontier hill settlements1100:Kievan princes again conferred among themselves in the hopes of easing fractiousnessKievan prince Vsevolod and his son Vladimir were active partners in the evolution of this informal inter-princely assembly\\\\*--Vernadsky,2=173-214 on Kievan administration and governance 214-241 on federated relationship of Kievan thrones*--LOOP on \"feudalism\"1103:Kievan princes from various princely city-states yet again (for the third time) conferred in what seemed almost an emerging pattern, every three yearsBut this time Russian princes gathered in order to address \"foreign policy\", the defense of their combined borders from nomadic encroachment, particularly that of the PolovtsyThese important gatherings acknowledged an abiding usefulness of the unraveling old princely hierarchy [mestnichestvo]Mestnichestvo appeared now to be reforming itself in the face of new external challengesThese efforts hinted at some sort of deliberative assembly of interested princely \"stake-holders\"1111:Salnitsa Vladimir Vsevolodovich [Vladimir son of Vsevolod] commanded a Russian victory over the Polovtsy1108c:From Constantinople to the Holy Land, a pilgrimage of South Russian AbbotDaniel [E-TXT WAL,1=56-62]
1150c:Kiril of Turov \"Sermon on the First Sunday after Easter\" [ZMR2:90-2 WAL,1=62-5 ZMR1:83-6]*--Popular apocryphal text which circulated in these years, about the Holy Virgin's descent into Hell [WAL,1=96-100]
1645:1676; tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich ruled for 31 yearsEnglishman Samuel Collins, for nine years court physician, described the tsar [E-TXT:60+ DMR3:470-9]Aleksei Mikhailovich was the first serious \"modernizing\" tsar (we avoid the anachronistic adjective \"Westernizing\") =1649:Law Code1654+: Russian Orthodox Church liturgical reforms and subsequent tragic \"schism\" among Russian believers1654+: Reconciliation and alliance with Cossacks of the Ukraine1656:Tsar Aleksei was an avid hunter with falcons. He composed rules for falconry [1924mr:Slavonic Review [D337.A1S65] #2:63-4 ZMR2:520-22]1667:Established security along the Russian/Polish border or frontierEnded the Polish threat to RussiaRussia in the time of Aleksei Mikhailovich [MAP]\\\\*--Dukes,Making, pp. 27-59*--Kliuchevskii,3 chs.13-14 on Russia and west European culture1646:Siberia Yakutsk [MAP] became a Russian strongpoint [Lensen.EASTWARD:28]This represented further extension and consolidation of Russian power in Siberia and East-AsiaVaska Pushkin, Kirilko Suponev, and Petrushka Stenchin reported to tsar Aleksei about how many servitors were required at Yakutsk to collect Sable yasakIn the great Steppe and Siberian expanses, yasak was the traditional form of \"tribute\" or taxation collected by dominant powers over subordinate peoples, at least since the time of the Golden HordeRussians feared that numerous local indigenous tribes (Tungus and Yakuts) might overpower the ill-provisioned Siberian fortress at Yakutsk1647:Siberian Okhotsk Sea coast Ivan Afanas'ev, with 54 Cossacks, arrived from Yakutsk (about a 600 mile trip)*--They fought the indigenous Tungus tribes in a bloody battle1648:Siberian Pacific shores _The_voyage of Semen Dezhnev in 1648: Bering's precursor, with selected documents1649:Anadyrsk ostrog founded by Senka Dezhnev, who also sighted what would later be named \"Bering\" Strait [MAP]Dezhnev was looking at the crossing from the eastern to the western hemispheresBut Russia would not \"discover\" the New World for almost one century1649:Port city Okhotsk founded and soon was most important Russian \"Pacific\" portRe. Siberia, see VSB,1=264-74In 1902, George Frederick Wright wrote about the Russian and American confrontation with indigenous peoples =The result is the same whether in the wilds of Siberia or America: the pioneers who are far beyondthe reach of the central government become a law unto themselves, and in dealing with the aborigines descend to their methods and manners. The story of the Cossacks in their dealing with the native races of Siberia can be easily enough equaled in that of the frontiersmen of the United States, who have by similar means gradually wrested the continent of America from the improvident hands of the Red Indian\" [Lensen.EASTWARD:27. My italics highlight the 1902 USA view on Native Americans]The comparative histories of frontier and imperialist expansion show as many similarities as differences\\\\*--Clair Huffaker, _The_Cowboy and the Cossack [PS3558.U325u6]1648:1649; Russian merchants submitted petitions against foreign traders [RRC2,1=163-72]Simeon Polotskii, arguably the first court poet of Russia, wrote celebrations of the birth of an heir, Peter Alekseevich (future Peter I) and also a satire on the merchant soslovie [social estate] [ZMR2:517-19]Descriptions of everyday life show a surprising degree of popular secularization in sentiment and outlook, for example, \"Story of the Merchant Karp Sutulov\" [DMR3:497-503]1648:Moscow city disturbance [DMR2:310-16 DMR3:433-9]; era of popular resentments [VSB,1=221-3]A popular secular tale satirized corrupt Russian legal practices: \"Shemiaka'sJudgment\" [ZMR2:449-52 ZMR1:371-4] 1649:Siberia,Yakutsk Voevoda gave instructions to Erofei Khabarov about his expedition into SE Siberia, into the Amur River region [DMR3:346-50]Khabarov's own personal expedition [as in \"roving commission\"] set out for the Amur River basin [map]1650:Amur River battle defeated indigenous folk of DauriRussian movement eastward across Siberia slackened, despite Khabarov's individual boldnessRussia entered an epoch of wandering or misdirection. Why =The power of China would soon check Russian expansion in the Amur River basinThe threat and the lure of the Ottoman Turkish frontier to the south distracted Russia from the far eastAggressive Swedish expansion from NW Europe, culminating in the Great Northern War, forced a fundamental defensive reorientation of Russian frontier and imperialist expansion1649:Moscow Sobornoe Ulozhenie [Law Code of the Assembly of the Land (Zemskii sobor)]Historical illustration of a Zemskii sobor gathering inside the Kremlin [pix]_Muscovite Law Code [KM.R969sE >HML is a duo-page, English/Russian edition of the Laws. See HML=1-3 [Excerpts = VSB,1=223-8 DMR2:293-300 DMR3:425-32]SAC TXT, based on now-defunct English-language website TXT at lamar.colostate.edu, coordinated with Russian-language website TXTThe Preamble to the Ulozhenie described how it was compiled [TXT] The Ulozhenie was promulgated by tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich, but with the clearly acknowledged participation of at least 315 state and church officials, plus delegates to the Zemskii sobor, signers of the original editionThis marks one of the finest accomplishments of the Moscow-era Zemskii sobor, but it may be taken also to mark the end of the one-century-long rise and fall of the Zemskii sobor in the life of Russian government and administrationIn rural Russia, serfdom became law of the landRead in the Ulozhenie about the legal bindings on peasants [HML:85-94 RRC2,1=154-61 VSB,1=241-5,291-2,295 These hardcopy excerpts from the Ulozhenie are more accessible as digitized TXT right here =Chapter 11, articles 1-3Article 20Article 31Articles 33-34Agricultural life illustrated [KRR:40-43]Social impact and other aspects of everyday life; women in the Law Code [KRR=180-92]Law recognized distant Bashkir lands and forbid colonization thereThe Ulozhenie completed the long evolution of medieval Russian law codes and remained the fundamental law code for nearly 200 years, until the more modern codification of 1832\\\\*--Kliuchevskii,3, especially ch7-8=1649:Ulozhenie ch9=Serfdom ch10=ZmS ch11=Economy (& taxation)*1957:AHR#62:807-36 Jerome Blum, \"The Rise of Serfdom in Eastern Europe\"*1968 R.E.F. Smith, _The_Enserfment of the Russian Peasantry [HD714.S54]*1971 Richard Hellie, _Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy [HT807.H44]*1977 R.E.F. Smith, _Peasant Farming in Muscovy [HD1511.R9S6]*2003 A. Man'kov, _Ulozhenie 1649 goda: Kodeks feodalnogo prava Rossii1648:1660s; Moscow tsar Aleksei devoted a dozen years to the reform, rationalization and centralization of governing institutions, the prikazy. EG= 59ce067264